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Last update:- 21st March, 2005
This page presents a searchable, comprehensive report on the programs you might find that run if you switch on the PC as typically identified by MSCONFIG or perhaps the registry Run keys - and whether you may need them.
This is NOT a number of tasks/processes stripped away from Task Manager and the Close Program window CTRLALTDEL but a report on startup applications, even though you will find a number of them listed via this approach. Pressing CTRLALTDEL identifies programs which can be currently running - not really at startup. For a number of tasks/processes try WinTasks 5 Standard/Professional from LIUtilities or even the list at AnswersThatWork. Therefore, before ending a task/process via CTRLALTDEL even if it has an X recommendation, booking whether its in MSCONFIG or even the registry first. An example will be - which doesnt can be found in either under normal conditions but does via CTRLALTDEL. If in doubt, dont do just about anything.
A variety of entries are repeated due for the way that different os's display startup items. For example, WinMe lists as Norton eMail Protect both in MSCONFIG along with the registry whereas WinXP lists it as being Poproxy in MSCONFIG and Noeton eMail Protect within the registry.
To stay away from the list becoming too large, all VIRUSES are shown while using the registry version which can be common to all Windows versions.
There are viruses along with other pests that could add any quantity of different entries on the startups. They make additional entries in the registry key HKLMSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersion Run and RunOnce keys, permitting them to run at startup. In all cases below, %system% is usually a variable - automatically this is C:WindowsSystem Win9x/Me, C:WinntSystem32 WinNT/2K, or C:WindowsSystem32 WinXP:
DEBORMS.D - adds among a quantity of valid Name/Startup Item entries but points towards the path on the worm file dropped
GIBE.C - adds random name and filename in C:Windows or C:Winnt
WANADO or REUR - adds where X might be any random hexadecimal 0-9, A-F number
BRANCOS.C - adds win4 random characters4 random numbers 0-9%System%SYS386X4 random characters4 random numbers
COREFLOO-C - adds random filenamerundll32 %SYSTEM% random, Init 1
random random - 8 random digits, example: adult content downloader
Now it is possible to hear Lets Talk Computers whenever you want, from anywhere from the world, over the Internet, using either Microsofts Windows Media Player or RealAudio. You can listen in on the insider conversations, over the latest innovations, hardware, and software and exactly how they affect you.
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Hosts Alan Ashendorf and Sandra Ashendorf interview representatives in the computer industry about products and industry trends. Our guests have included representatives from ATI, Acronis, Adobe, Alpha Software, AMD, AppDev, Computer Associates, Crucial Technology, Diskeeper Corporation, ESET, IBM, ISDN Net, Lenovo, Logitech, Microsoft, Seagate, Sunbelt Software, Symantec, as well as a host of others and book authors mentioned on our Past Guests page. Our goal is always to let you know what on earth is happening inside the computer industry.
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1. Press Alt-O to look at the Object menu.
3. Select the drive you need to examine from your Logical disks menu.
4. The disk structure is scanned and displayed inside Disk Editor window.
For the remainder of this article, Im likely to use a floppy disk I produced from some old technical articles published by an associate of mine. These articles as well as their associated graphics files are held in two folders about the floppy disk. Because the articles and graphics are created with a 32-bit version of Windows, most files have long filenames LFN linked to them. In particular, Im planning to be working which has a file called First, Im gonna show you, using Disk Editor, what sort of file is stored within the system, and Ill delete it and demonstrate how Disk Editor is usually used to retrieve the file.
Disk Editor normally starts inside Directory mode; you'll be able to change it along with other modes using the View menu. When you watch a drive containing data from the directory mode, you could possibly see a display much like that shown in Figure 1.
The Norton Disk Editor directory take a look at a typical floppy disk.
The Name column lists the names in the directory entries. column lists the file/folder extensions if any. The ID column lists any type of directory entry:
LFN a percentage of a Windows long file name. Windows stores the start with the LFN prior to a actual filename. If the LFN is a lot more than thirteen characters, a number additional directory entries are employed to store the rest on the LFN. For example, uses both the directory entries immediately preceding it because of its LFN.
The next three columns list the file size, date, and time.
The Cluster column indicates the cluster the spot that the first portion with the file can be found. Drives are split up into clusters or allocation units if they are formatted. A cluster allocation unit may be the smallest unit which could be used to keep a file. Cluster sizes vary while using size from the drive as well as the file system employed to format the drive.
The letters A, R, S, H, D, and V reference attributes for every single directory entry.
V may be the attribute on an LFN entry.
The file highlighted in black close to the bottom of Figure 1 is interesting for a lot of reasons. The tilde and number at the end on the filename indicate the file was created having a 32-bit version of Windows. 32-bit versions of Windows Windows 9x/Me, 2000, and XP encourage the user to save lots of a file using a long file name a lot more than eight characters, not counting the three-character file extension. Long file names also can have spaces and also other characters banned in earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS. To enable older versions of Windows and MS-DOS gain access to the file, a DOS alias filename can be created through the first six characters from the filename, and then the tilde plus a number indicating whether this really is the first or maybe a subsequent file inside the current folder to possess the same first six characters from the alias name see Figure 2.
When you look at the file in Windows Explorer or My Computer, the truth is the long file name. To view the DOS alias name, right-click about the file and select Properties from My Computer or Windows Explorer, or utilize the DIR command in just a command prompt window. The LFN is stored like a separate directory entry just ahead of the DOS alias name. Because the actual long reputable name is 21 characters, two additional directory entries are required to maintain long filename each directory entry can store around 13 characters associated with an LFN, as found in Figure 1.
How does laptop computer, know in which a file is found? If its a FAT file system, then an area from the disk referred to as the FAT file allocation table stores the starting location on the file each additional cluster used to keep file; starts at cluster 632. Clusters, or allocation units when you prefer, include the smallest disk structures used to keep files. They vary bigger depending upon the file system familiar with create the disk in which the files are stored and upon the size in the drive. In this example, the file is stored on the 1.44MB floppy disk, that has a cluster dimensions of 512 bytes. The cluster size in the drive is essential to know if you need to retrieve data using Disk Editor.
You can determine the cluster size of an drive in many different ways. You can open a command-prompt window and run CHKDSK diskdrive to show off the allocation unit size cluster size along with statistics concerning the specified drive see Figure 3. So to run this utility with your primary hard disk, youd type CHKDSK C:.
Using CHKDSK with Windows XP to show off the file system and allocation unit cluster size G drive.
You may look up allocation unit sizes in reference charts, for instance those obtained in Chapter 24, File Systems and Data Recovery of my book, Upgrading and Repairing PCs 14
Edition. Table 1 has a few values from those charts.
To see how many clusters allocation units are utilized to store information, go through the size with the file and compare it on the cluster size on the drive its stored on. The file contains 6, 006 bytes. Since this file is stored with a floppy disk that features a cluster height and width of 512 bytes, the file must occupy several clusters. How many clusters can it occupy? To determine this, divide the file size by the variety of clusters, and across the result up on the next whole number as shown here.
From our calculations, we are able to see that uses 12 clusters within the floppy disk. It would just use two clusters if this were stored within the FAT32-format disk drive listed in Table 1, simply one cluster if stored about the FAT16-format disk drive listed in Table 1.
The more clusters folders contains, the harder the risk is some of its data area may be overwritten by newer data should the file is deleted. Consequently, if you will need to undelete folders which was not sent for the Windows Recycle Bin or was deleted from the removable-media drive or floppy drive these kinds of drives dont secure the Recycle Bin, the quicker you try to undelete the file, the much more likely it is that it is possible to retrieve the info.
The normal directory display in Norton Disk Editor shows the starting cluster 632 for If data is stored on the drive having a lot of empty space, chances good which the remainder in the clusters immediately follow the very first two; a badly fragmented drive might use non-contiguous clusters to maintain rest on the file. Since its much simpler to perform recovery when the clusters are contiguous, I can't help but recommend that you defragment your drives frequently.
To understand the remainder from the clusters this file uses, move the cursor to your file, press Alt-L or click the Link menu, and select Cluster Chain FAT; you are able to also press Ctrl-T to travel directly to this view. The screen changes to demonstrate the clusters as listed within the FAT with this file see Figure 4.
The FAT take a look at All its clusters are contiguous.
As you may see, the clusters used through the file are highlighted in red plus the filename is shown at the bottom with the screen. The symbol EOF means End of File, indicating the final cluster inside the file.
After exiting Norton Disk Editor Alt-O, Exit, I deleted Then, I restarted Disk Editor and opened the folder that contained this file. When data is deleted, the subsequent changes happen to your disk the spot that the file is stored:
The default directory view shows that the initial character from the filename V may be replaced that has a s lowercase sigma character see Figure 5.
Note also that this beginning cluster 632 continues to be shown inside Cluster column.
The Directory view after may be deleted.
However, when I pick the file and run the Cluster Chain command Ctrl-T that zeros have replaced the entries for that cluster locations made use of by this file see Figure 6. This indicates towards the operating system these particular clusters allocation units have become available for re-use.
The FAT view after continues to be deleted, showing the FAT entries previously used from the file happen to be zeroed out.
If an undelete process isn't started immediately, some or all on the clusters might be overwritten by new data. Since the file you want is graphics file, losing even one cluster will destroy the file.
As we can easily see from analyzing the file-deletion process, the undelete process involves four steps:
1. Restoring the main filename
2. Locating the clusters used through the file
3. Recreating the FAT entries for that file
4. Relinking the LFN entries with the file to your file
Of these four, essentially the most critical steps involve picking out the clusters used from the file after which recreating its FAT entries. However, in the event the file is really a program file, restoring the first name is often a must for proper program operation assuming this software cant be reloaded, so restoring the LFN entries will allow it to be easier for a Windows user used to long file names to utilize file.
To make these changes to your original floppy disk, Disk Editor need to be configured to function in Read-Write mode.
As a precaution, I recommend you use DISKCOPY for making an exact sector-by-sector copy of any floppy disk before you decide to perform file recovery on it, and you'll work together with the copy from the disk, not the initial. By working which has a copy, you keep an original safe against any problems you would possibly have, and you are able to make another copy if you will need to. To make a copy of any floppy disk with DISKCOPY, open a command prompt window, type the command DISKCOPY A: A:, and continue with the prompts to insert your source original disk and target copy disk. Unlike old versions of DISKCOPY, which required multiple disk swaps, recent versions of DISKCOPY maintain contents from the source disk for the hard disk to generate copying a disk just one disk-swap operation.
If that you are using Disk Editor to consider the structures of any drive, or when you plan to transfer a recovered file completely to another drive, it's not necessary to change its default read-only setting. However, in case you are recovering files or making other changes towards the current drive, you may need to switch Disk Editor into read-write mode. If you will need to make changes for the structure of the floppy disk, like unerasing files or making other repairs, insert the floppy disk that you want to generate the repairs make use of the copy you've made, not an original before you continue.
1. Press Alt-T to look at the Tools menu.
2. Press N to open up the Configuration dialog.
3. Press the spacebar to the checkmark within the Read Only option box.
4. Press the Tab key before Save box is highlighted.
5. Press Enter to avoid wasting changes and return towards the main display.
Once you alter to Read-Write mode, Disk Editor will remain in this mode, all of which will use Read-Write mode each and every time you use it. To change to Read-Only mode, repeat the steps above, but place a checkmark inside the Read-Only box. If you're using Disk Editor in Read-Write mode, you will begin to see the message Drive x is Locked if you scan a drive.
Once you've configured Disk Editor to operate in Read-Write mode, you are able to use it to undelete personal files. To recover an erased file, follow this process:
1. To change for the folder containing the erased file, highlight the folder containing the erased file and press ENTER. In this example, we'll recover the erased file
2. Place the cursor underneath the lowercase sigma symbol and enter in the letter you would like to use to rename the file.
3. If the keyboard is Insert mode, the lower-case sigma will move to your right; press the Delete critical for delete this symbol.
4. This restores the filename, but whilst the ID changes from Erased to File, this doesn't complete the file-retrieval process. You must now obtain the rest from the clusters used from the file. To the right on the filename, the primary cluster used with the file is listed.
6. To go on the next cluster used from the file, press Ctrl-T to spread out the Cluster Chain command. Since you changed the name in the file, you happen to be prompted to write down the changes to your disk before you'll be able to continue. Press W or click Write to avoid wasting the changes and continue.
7. The FAT view from the clusters starting using the first cluster on the erased file is shown. As we calculated earlier for, this file uses twelve clusters beginning with cluster 632. We see twelve contiguous clusters that are actually zeroed out. Even if we hadnt viewed the clusters this file used before we deleted it, its likely the file occupies these clusters. At this point, we are able to manually get into the cluster numbers to the empty fields or we can easily scan the disk to ascertain if these include the correct clusters for that file.
8. To scan the disk for clusters beginning with cluster 632. press Alt-O or click Object to start the Object menu. Type C to look at the Cluster dialog or type Alt-C to look straight to your Cluster dialog. The empty clusters consist of 632 to 644, so enter 632 as being the starting cluster and 644 because the ending cluster. Tab to OK and press Enter or click OK to produce these clusters.
Disk Editor automatically switches towards the best view with the specified object, and on this case, the top view would be the Hex view see Figure 7. Note that the initial entry in cluster 632 is GIF89a as shown inside the right-hand column. Since the deleted file is usually a GIF file, this can be what we expected. Since a GIF file can be a binary graphics file, the rest on the information within the specified sectors really should not be human-readable. As I scroll down throughout the sectors with all the Page Down key, I can see that this really is the case. Note that this end with the file is indicated by a number of 00s in many disk sectors before another file starts.
Since the location occupied from the empty clusters 632 through 644 contains binary data you start with GIF89a, you can feel pretty confident why these clusters contain the information we need.
9. Now it's once again time to return to your FAT to fill within the cluster numbers with the file. To do this, open the Object menu and select Directory. The current directory is selected, so click OK.
10. Move the cursor down to your entry for, open the Link menu and then click Cluster Chain FAT. Refer to Figure 6 to view how it looks.
11. The Cluster Chain refers to your clusters following the initial cluster 632, so you'll need to enter 633 into the primary empty field, and continue before you enter 643 make the cursor into the past empty field. This field needs to contain the EOF marker put into it to show the end on the file. Press Alt-E to look at the Edit menu, and select Mark or press Ctrl-B. Open the Edit menu again and select Fill. Select End of File through the menu and then click OK. Refer returning to Figure 4 to see the way the FAT takes care of these changes are already made.
12. To save the changes on the FAT, open the Edit menu again and select Write. When prompted to avoid wasting the changes, click Write, then click Rescan the disk.
13. To return towards the Directory view, open the Object menu and select Directory. Click OK.
14. The LFN entries directly above file will still be listed as Del LFN. To reconnect the crooks to, select the 1st one verisignsealt, open the Tools menu Alt-T, and select Attach LFN. Click Yes when prompted. Repeat the process for.
15. To verify how the file is undeleted successfully, I closed Disk Editor and opened the file within a compatible graphics program. The file, complete featuring its long file name, displayed perfectly.
As you'll be able to see, this can be a long process, but it really is, essentially, precisely the same process that a program for example Norton Unerase performs automatically. However, Disk Editor is able to do these tasks on all kinds of disks, including those that use non-DOS os; its a favourite of advanced Linux users.
In Part 5 of the series, Ill revisit Norton Disk Editor showing you tips on how to explore a disk drive and retrieve data to a different drive.
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This article is really a complete guide on recovering your harddrive s factory capacity. At the conclusion of this post there is often a link to our program that recovers factory capacity of any hard disk.
My harddrive has mysteriously became smaller! How can I restore its full capacity?
You manipulate some software that sets HPA Host Protected Area, messes with DCO Device Configuration Overlay, or switches off LBA48 support
Now I will proceed through these things one-by-one and offer some more details.
Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME will not likely support big drives 137GB even when you install all hotfixes. There are ways to go around this problem, speculate these Operating Systems are rather rare nowadays, I do not start to see the point of currently talking about them.
Windows 2000, 2003 and XP tend not to support big drives automagically; you should install the modern service pack to acquire big drives functioning properly on these OS.
Windows Vista does not have any downside to big drives.
Hard drive manufacturers use decimal gigabytes while os's use binary gigabytes. One decimal gigabyte contains 1 000 000 000 bytes 1000 x 1000 x 1000, whereas one binary gigabyte contains 1 073 741 824 bytes 1024 x 1024 x 1024 that s greater than a 7% difference! So, your 300 GB hard disk will show up in Windows like a 279 GB harddrive.
Motherboard can produce a so-called Host protected area in your hard drive to save its data. Usually this area just isn't bigger than 10 megabytes, so nothing is to worry about.
Manufacturer of the PC can make a Host protected area with your hard drive to keep an image from the original operating-system and programs. This area is used if you want to restore the main state within your desktop PC or laptop without resorting to CD/DVD disks. Usually the therapy lamp is quite large 8-20 GB.
In this example, to restore the initial capacity with the hard drive with all the HDD Capacity Restore tool that individuals include in this information, you may ought to remove the disk drive out of its original PC/laptop and temporary attach it completely to another PC. This is needed since the majority of BIOSes will disable HPA/DCO operations to make sure that nothing can reset or damage that hidden area.
For exam