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Long Raw data types is not included from the CREATE TABLE AS syntax. This is documented inside Oracle 7.3 or 8.0 Server SQL Reference Guide AS subquery clause explanation in the CREATE TABLE syntax. The INSERT INTO statement results from the same error see example. Use export/import to workaround this limitation of long raw usage.
SQL create table test2 as select col1 from test1;
SQL alter table test2 add col2 long raw;
You may now export from table test1 and import to the other table test2.
More plus much more we are using locally managed tablespaces. They offer a lot of benefits, why should we not make use of this new feature?
Some thoughts are needed whenever you decided to make use of Uniform Extent Allocation. With the uniform method, you specify a level size whenever you create the tablespace, and many types of extents for everyone objects created within that tablespace will likely be that size.
The uniform method also offers enforcement mechanism, since t override the uniform extent dimensions of locally managed tablespaces once you create a schema object for example a table or perhaps index.
The goal should be to allocate all the disk space as really needed so when really used. With the uniform extent allocation it is possible to calculate or maybe estimate the quantity of extents you would like to allocate. Gaps or unused disk space from the tablespace ought to be avoided.
Lets think that we produce a tablespace with all the uniform extent sized 1 MByte and 10 extents. Remember that locally managed tablespaces use another 64 KBytes or even the Header Bitmap:
Note that calculations are made in KBytes knowning that your chosen extent dimension is the multiple of your respective defined block size. The following statement creates this locally managed tablespace having a uniform extent dimensions of 1 MByte:
EXTENT MANAGEMENT LOCAL UNIFORM SIZE 1024K;
If you're including a STORAGE clause once you create tables or indexes, Oracle will allocate as often extents because you indicate to utilize. Table TAB1 is going to be allocated with one extent, table TAB2 too as you need a minimum of 100 KBytes. Table TAB3 are going to be created with two extents. This could be done by defining an INITIAL price of 2 MBytes.
SELECT segmentname, segmenttype, blocks, extents
SELECT tablespacename, bytes, blocks
That means within the tablespace UNITEST will still be 1536 blocks available. How many extents are these blocks? This might be calculated by multiplying the quantity of available blocks because of the block size and divided through the extent size:
extents may very well be used to load the whole tablespace.
If you examine the physical file size useful for the tablespace UNITEST you is going to be surprised: Instead from the calculated 10304 KBytes 10551296 Bytes there is the disk file s dimensions of 10555392 Bytes. Oracle allocates another block which often can not be useful for object allocation. Some with the Oracle tools such as Tablespace Manger shows the whole number of blocks according towards the disk file size. In our example this are 2577 blocks, but usable are simply just 2576 blocks minus 64 KBytes for header bitmap.
Each extent dimension is the multiple within your defined block size.
The usable tablespace dimension is the multiple of the estimated variety of extents.
KBytes to the header bitmap HB for the usable tablespace size.
The physical file size adds one block AB for the defined tablespace size.
In Oracle8i BLOBs Binary Large Objects can be employed instead of LONG RAWs to hold binary unformatted data, like documents, images, video and audio. On the brand new BLOB data type many on the former LONG RAW restrictions aren't valid anymore or over to 4GB is usually stored. This tip shows tips on how to migrate LONG RAW columns to BLOBs.
It may be worth to build a separate tablespace with the LOBs bigger contents to find performance. The tables containing LOB columns may be stored in addition to other tables inside a tablespace called tab on this sample. However the LOB columns referencing their data inside a separate tablespace called btab here.
A new table need to be created which contains the new BLOB column. Even if you are able to add a BLOB column for an existing table we can't migrate old LONG RAW data inside. The required SQL function TOLOB can be employed in SELECT subqueries of INSERT statements only.
id NUMBER10 CONSTRAINT nnnewdocsid NOT NULL,
LOBs normally do not use rollback segments. To maintain read consistency Oracle creates new LOB page versions each time a lob changes. PCTVERSION may be the percentage of all used LOB data space that could be occupied by old versions of LOB data pages. As soon as old versions of LOB data pages begin to occupy over the PCTVERSION level of used LOB space, Oracle efforts to reclaim the existing versions and reuse them. In other words, PCTVERSION would be the percent of used LOB data blocks available for versioning old LOB data. The PCTVERSION is usually set to your percentage of LOBs that happen to be occasionally updated. If LOBs are inserted once and afterwards usually read only, 0% works extremely well.
If CACHE is specified Oracle places LOB pages inside buffer cache for faster access. NOCACHE works extremely well if you can find occasionally no writes to stored LOBs and infrequently reads only. CACHE READ is perfect for busy read operations and infrequent writes.
Set CHUNK on the number of blocks of LOB data that is going to be accessed at some point. This reduces network roundtrip overheads. The INITIAL and NEXT storage parameters has to be greater than CHUNK DBBLOCKSIZE size. Use bigger CHUNKs if at all possible.
The default setting ENABLE STORAGE IN ROW stores LOBs lower than 4KB from the table and greater LOBs are automatically moved out from the row. This would be the recommended setting. DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW can be familiar with store all data beyond your rows. A lot of small LOBs inside of a table can decrease performance of table operations like full table scans or multi-row accesses.
Consider that CHUNK and ENABLE/DISABLE STORAGE IN ROW can not be altered after table creation.
INSERT INTO newdocs id, bdata
To copy your data is easy. The SQL function TOLOB can be accustomed to convert LONG RAW to BLOB. Its also possible to convert LONG to CLOB if needed. The main thing on the whole data migration is always to choose good storage parameter settings in particular when a large number and big LOBs in proportions need to be stored.
One selection for secure communication involving the Net8 client and server is always to tunnel the communication in the Secure Shell protocol.
Conceptually, it truly does work like this. First, you install an SSH client about the local machine in places you run your Net8 client. You utilize the SSH client to determine an SSH connection to your remote host in which the Net8 server is running. You also utilize SSH client to ascertain a listen using a local port for Net8 requests.
Heres the cool part: after you fire up your Net8 client, it connects on the Net8 port on localhost - your machine - rather than connecting to port 143 using a remote server machine.
The SSH client then forwards everything it receives for the local Net8 port over the SSH session, or tunnel, for the remote SSH daemon, which then forwards the data on the Net8 port for the remote host.
How does the SSH daemon within the receiving end get sound advice with all this Net8 information coming advertising online? Well, the data is part on the port-forwarding arrangement you gave the daemon if you first ecstatic the SSH session. For example, youd invoke SSH out of your unix client machine in this way
Tfhe command need to be invoked as root because root privilege must set up port forwarding. The -f option tells SSH to run inside background after port forwarding has become established. -L localport:remotehost:remoteport specifies that this given port within the local client host is always to be forwarded towards the given host and port around the remote side. In our example, we use port 5555 within the client and port 1521 for the database server 192.168.121.32
The server port should be whichever port listens for Net8 requests 1521 on many systems. Depending around the SSH client, youll either be prompted for ones password to log in to your SSHD 194.75.132.34 server when issuing the tunneling command, or youll must initiate a login manually to find out the session, In all cases, youll have to work with SSH to log in for the remote host before you are able to use it to launder your connection. The entire Net8 port-forwarding scenario is shown within the next figure.
We begin by using lsof list open files, an application that says to you which open files and network connections are part of which processes. to test for software listening at local TCP port 5555. There is none. We confirm this by wanting to telnet to localhost at port 555 with no success.
At this aspect, were confident that theres no activity, for instance a listen or even an open connection, on port 555 on our local machine. That port is okay to make use of. Next, we put in place the port forwarding by issuing an SSH command. Remember that you need to be root to setup port forwarding:
The tail - f/dev/null that people tacked within the end with the SSH command is only a low-overhead command to hold the session open. We didnt want to maintain an actual shell session open and running inside background whenever we didnt demand it, therefore we used the tail command instead. You can verify with ps - ef, which the command is running within the background and you also now have an unchangeable Net8 connection through two firewalls - - cool isnt it?
Next you need to setup your configuration file, then examine the connection with tnsping and ultimately connect with sqlplus.
Starting with Release 7.1 of Oracle, users also have access to an attribute called an inline view. An inline view is really a view inside of a query. Using this feature, you are able to easily accomplish your task.
Every row inside report should have access on the total sum of sal. You can simply divide sum sal by that total, and youll use a number to show off the percentage from the total.
column percentage format 99.9
select deptno, sumsal, sumsal/totsal100 PERCENTAGE
from emp, select sumsal totsal from emp
With Oracle8i Release 2 8.1.6 and, you'll be able to calculate percentages by using the brand new analytic functions at the same time. The query employing an analytic function might look similar to this:
column percentage format 99.9
select deptno, sumsal, ratiotoreportsumsal over100 PERCENTAGE
The query produces precisely the same answer nevertheless it does so well, as it does not ought to make two passes over your data to arrive at a better solution. Because the analytic functions are built-in, queries designed to use them will find the solution more rapidly compared to the pure SQL-based approach.
It is commonly difficult to list all privileges and roles allotted to a specific user in a select, since a privilege could be assigned to a job, which often can be allotted to another role, which in turn could be assigned completely to another role, which could be granted an individual. The following view lists all of your respective roles, all on the roles granted to the people roles, and many others:
START WITH grantee uid OR grantee 1 sa, u2
GRANT SELECT ON userrolehierarchy TO PUBLIC;
That view is based within the existing data dictionary view, if you make the new view as SYS, it'll show the currently logged-in users their roles and all in the roles granted to prospects roles, and many others. Youll find this view to be very fast.
To get all of one's table privileges, you want to do this:
SELECT DISTINCT privilege, owner, tablename
WHERE grantee IN SELECT FROM userrolehierarchy;
And for getting all within your system privileges, for you to do this:
where grantee in decide upon userrolehierarchy;
During a migration it usually is important, that nobody can connect on the database. You may have two chance to achieve this
An exclusive table lock will be the most restrictive mode of table lock, allowing the transaction store the lock exclusive write access towards the table. An exclusive table lock is acquired to get a table as follows:
SQL GRANT ALL ON emp TO PUBLIC;
Only one transaction can buy an exclusive table lock for any table. An exclusive table lock permits other transactions merely to query the table.
An exclusive table lock held with a transaction prohibits other transactions from performing almost any DML statement or placing any sort of lock within the table.
Oracle releases all locks acquired because of the statements in a transaction after you either commit or roll back the transaction. Oracle also releases locks acquired after having a savepoint when rolling back for the savepoint. However, only transactions not waiting to the previously locked resources can get locks for the now available resources. Waiting transactions continue to wait until following your original transaction commits or rolls back completely.
You may make use of the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege to exchange the database in single user mode for migrations.
Qllows only users with RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege to go online to Oracle. Existing sessions will not be terminated.
reverses the effect on the ENABLE RESTRICTED SESSION clause, allowing all users with CREATE SESSION system privilege to go browsing to Oracle. This will be the default.
You can make use of this clause whether or not your instance contains the database dismounted or mounted, open or closed.
In a primary step prior to the migration, you shutdown the database an start it again to be sure that users are disconnected. Now revoke the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege from most users, it privilege is commonly not used.
svrmgr SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE;
svrmgr SPOOL revokerestrictedsession;
svrmgr ;
svrmgr ALTER SYSTEM ENABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;
As user SYS you'll be able to now perform the migration. If an ordinary user attempts to connect, he can get the following error messge:
After the migration not to ever to forget, to disable the RESTRICTED SESSION system privilege
svrmgr ALTER SYSTEM DISABLE RESTRICTED SESSION;
This tip originates from the Oracle Magazine, it shows the usage on the DBMSOBFUSCATIONTOOLKIT.
The DBMSOBFUSCATIONTOOLKIT could be the DES encryption package. This package shipped with Oracle8i Release 2 and then. It provides first-time field-level encryption from the database. The trick to presenting this package is usually to make sure everything is really a multiple of eight. Both the key along with the input data will need to have a length divisible by eight the key has to be exactly 8 bytes long.
lstring VARCHAR225: hello world;
divisible by eight the key should be exactly 8 bytes long.
ldata: RPADlstring, TRUNCLENGTHlstring/818, CHR0;
LINElstring before encrypt: lstring;
DBMSOBFUSCATIONTOOLKIT. DESENCRYPT
encryptedstring lstring;
LINElstring ENCRYPTED: lstring;
DBMSOBFUSCATIONTOOLKIT. DESDECRYPT
LINElstring DECRYPT: LDATA;
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
You must protect and preserve your magickey 8 bytes of knowledge that is familiar with encrypt/decrypt the info. If it becomes compromised, your computer data is vulnerable.
The OPEN FOR clause allows to create dynamic SQL with variable table-, or column names that return multirow result sets. Lets keep an eye on at OPEN FOR and multirow queries using a concrete example. Create the following tables:
SQL create table emp10 as choose between emp where deptno 10;
SQL create table emp20 as decide upon emp where deptno 20;
SQL create table emp30 as decide upon emp where deptno 30;
TYPE refCur IS REF CURSOR;
EXIT WHEN empcv%NOTFOUND;
The first step within a dynamic multirow query is usually to define the cursor variable that could point on the result set inside System Global Area. We declare the cursor variable for example of a REF CURSOR type, and we must evaluate the question of whether for making it strong or weak. A REF CURSOR is strong when it is strongly typed, meaning the TYPE statement incorporates a RETURN clause defining what structure is allowable quantity of items and datatypes for data fetched by having a cursor variable determined by this TYPE.
With dynamic SQL, however, you might be not allowed make use of strong REF CURSORs. At compile time, the query associated while using REF CURSOR is simply a string, and so the PL/SQL engine cannot validate which the querys SELECT list is consistent while using record structure from the REF CURSORs RETURN clause.
Once that is certainly done, we declare a record that any of us can use to retrieve individual rows from any with the three tables all 3 tables have a similar structure, therefore we can %ROWTYPE the record against any on the tables.
We must use dynamic SQL, since were constructing the name in the table each and every time we run this program. But dynamic SQL doesnt require any more from the way of special code than we have just described. We can utilize the familiar explicit-cursor syntax unchanged for my cursor-variable-based code, because the following lines demonstrate:
This tip arises from Anirban Das, a Senior IA from Vernon Hills, IL. We have improved the SQL statement in certain points, so WHERE clauses is going to be correctly executed.
In SQLPlus, it is often tough to read the results of an SELECT FROM table statement ever since the output could wrap across multiple lines. For example, the regular output of SELECT FROM dbausers can be:
The results will not be clearly readable.
Implementing this SQL script, the output can be:
This formats the outcome to 1 row per screen using the length of web data in square braces. It also allows optional WHERE clause and ORDER BY.
Sometimes, the DBA would need to log in a users account to produce a change, for instance to grant a privilege on the users table to an alternative user, but, may well not know what a gamers password is, or, may need to produce changes to your set of users from the script, but, doesnt need to include their passwords from the script itself. Oracle gives an undocumented identified by values clause inside the alter user command that can be useful for this purpose. Since the dbausers table is the encoded password per user, this value can be employed to generate an alter user command to reset you password back in its original value. Then, from user system or some other DBA user, you may alter you password to some known value for example whatever, log into your users account using connect userid/whatever, make changes which can be needed, connect back for the system account, and run the generated alter user command to place the original password back.
The following SQL generates your password change script to line all users to some known password whatever, and, another script to line all users back in their original passwords. This could be used as part of another script to build the password change scripts, run, signing in and increase the risk for changes which are needed, and immediately run to set the passwords back. Note which the users wont be able to join during that time, since their passwords will not be valid while you're running the script.
select alter user username identified by whatever;
alter user SYS identified by whatever;
alter user SYSTEM identified by whatever;
alter user DES identified by whatever;
alter user ELAN identified by whatever;
alter user SYS identified by values 5638228DAF52805F;
alter user SYSTEM identified by values D4DF7931AB130E37;
alter user DES identified by values ABFEC5AC2274E54D;
alter user ELAN identified by values B53CE8493EC6FB92;